Typically, normative is contrasted with informative (referring to the standard’s descriptive, explanatory or positive content). Informative data is supplemental information such as additional guidance, supplemental recommendations, tutorials, commentary as well as background, history, development, and relationship with other elements. After examining the relationships among the various constructs, potential mediated paths were then investigated. While the Causal Steps approach proposed by Baron and Kenny (1986) has been widely used in previous research, simulation studies have suggested bootstrapping as a more powerful estimation method to examine mediation effects (e.g., Preacher and Hayes, 2004; MacKinnon, 2008; Zhao et al., 2010).
SCC was found to significantly moderate social influence on GPB through the consumers’ goal frames. This research provided strong empirical support on understanding the relationship between social influence and GPB through three goal frames. In addition, the potential differences of the GPB formation process in two subgroups (high SCC and low SCC) are also investigated. The results of this study can help green practitioners develop more effective marketing strategies and incentives targeted to consumers with varying levels of environmental consciousness or sensitivity. Third, this study exhibited the generation logic of GPB by demonstrating the potential mediation effects in the research model, thereby enriching the study of Lindenberg and Steg (2007) that goal frames were activated by stimuli, which can influence consumers’ GPB.
We used bootstrapping to test the product coefficients (MacKinnon, 2008; Zhao et al., 2010), and the summary of findings is presented in Table 2. Using bias-corrected and percentile bootstrapping techniques, the confidence interval (CI) for total indirect effects (Holbert and Stephenson, 2003) of FAI on GPB included zero while the total indirect effects of ME and PEI excluded zero. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers.
This article is based on the author’s presidential address at the annual conference of the Society for the Study of Motivation, Chicago, Illinois, May 2016. He warmly acknowledges the many contributions of his long-time collaborators, Detlef Fetchenhauer and Thomas Schlösser, to the work discussed. These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word ‘goal.’ Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written consent of Rice University.
In this paper, the goal-framing theory is also introduced, using three-goal frames as mediators. The dual appeal to individuals was segmented into gain goal frames (GGFs), hedonic goal frames (HGFs), and normative goal frames (NGFs), thus exploring the influence mechanism of SI on GPB that simultaneously considers dual appeals. In addition, this study will investigate the potential moderating role of SCC on the research model, and an empirical study was conducted using a questionnaire survey with 583 respondents. The findings of this study will help normative goals meaning explain the motivation-behavior gap and heterogeneity in the GPB formation process, providing theoretical and practical guidance for green consumption policies and strategies. Based on the study’s findings, policymakers need to pay attention to the differences in the activation ability of social influence on consumers’ goal frames. Given the major role of PEI in promoting GPB, policymakers should attach much importance to the guiding role of peers, account for dual appeals, and use positive emotional reinforcements, such as pride and admiration.
- In this paper we are interested in developing goal-based normative agent architectures.
- To avoid or mitigate harm from environmental crises, buyers become more aware of green functional value, which breaks the stereotype of green products being unjustifiably high priced (Chen, 2013; Tu et al., 2020; Xu et al., 2020).
- Second, the results provided a clearer picture of how consumers’ multiple motivations influence GPB and will further prove useful in expanding our understanding of the role of three goals (motivation) in guiding GPB.
- “Compliance” is defined as “complies with the normative sections of the standard”; an object that complies with the normative sections but not the non-normative sections of a standard is still considered to be in compliance.
The principal difference between them is that deontological theories do not appeal to value considerations in establishing ethical standards, while teleological theories do. Deontological theories use the concept of their inherent rightness in establishing such standards, while teleological theories consider the goodness or value brought into being by actions as the principal criterion of their ethical value. In other words, a deontological approach calls for doing certain things on principle or because they are inherently right, whereas https://1investing.in/ a teleological approach advocates that certain kinds of actions are right because of the goodness of their consequences. Deontological theories thus stress the concepts of obligation, ought, duty, and right and wrong, while teleological theories lay stress on the good, the valuable, and the desirable. Deontological theories set forth formal or relational criteria such as equality or impartiality; teleological theories, by contrast, provide material or substantive criteria, as, for example, happiness or pleasure (see utilitarianism).
Activating consumers’ environmental consciousness and ethics is highly effective in establishing a green consumption society (Kautish et al., 2019). Finally, the moderated effects of SCC were found to be partially significant as hypothesized. This new understanding should help extend our knowledge of consumer segmentation and shed new light on the difference in the motivation-behavior gap in lower and upper subgroups. For specific paths, the activation ability of FAI on HGFs and NGFs in the upper subgroup was significantly stronger than in the lower subgroup.
Standards documents
Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word ‘normative.’ Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. In AI, the terminal goals are often contrasted to instrumental goals – goals which are made in pursuit of some particular end but are not the end goals themselves. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY).
Common Method Bias
As we noted already in the previousversion of this entry, such force might require acceptance, but not(general) guidance, or it might be completely independent of theattitudes of thinkers. Highlighting both these options, it hasrecently been argued that guidance normativism is unnecessarilydemanding. For psychological traits and pro-environmental behavior, however, the relationship is vague and unsettled.
Beliefs, obligations, intentions, and desires as components in an agent architecture
Normative ethics, that branch of moral philosophy, or ethics, concerned with criteria of what is morally right and wrong. It includes the formulation of moral rules that have direct implications for what human actions, institutions, and ways of life should be like. It is typically contrasted with theoretical ethics, or metaethics, which is concerned with the nature rather than the content of ethical theories and moral judgments, and applied ethics, or the application of normative ethics to practical problems. What, then, does it mean for a meaning determining rule \(R\) to be inforce for a speaker \(S\)’s use of an expression \(e\) (at atime \(t)\)?
Also, the square root of AVE for each construct was found to be larger than the correlation between factors, indicating the adequacy of discriminant validity (Fornell and Larcker, 1981; Hair et al., 2010). Since all the variables were obtained using the same method, the results could potentially have common method bias (CMB), generating artificially inflated relationships (Podsakoff et al., 2003). Several processing control strategies were used to mitigate CMB, including maintaining respondent anonymity, hiding research purposes, and counterbalancing item orders (Le et al., 2019).
What You Should Believe: Obligations and Beliefs
The results further support the original idea of the Diffusion of Innovations Theory in the green context, which posits that personal interactions are more persuasive than media influence. A possible explanation for this might be explained by the findings of Lee (2010), who stated that family and PEI could activate consumers’ egoistic appeals through the dissemination of environmental information and knowledge or personal demonstration. Consumers generally focus on the utilitarian value of green products when facing external incentives from environmental problems.
Sanction-based Obligations in a Qualitative Game Theory
According to the first, using \(e\) (at \(t)\) has to bemotivated by or to follow \(R\) in the sense ofattempting to do what is in accordance with \(R\). On the secondconstrual, \(S\) has to accept R in some sense not requiring(all) particular uses of \(e\) to be motivated by \(R\). But, third, \(R\)’s being in force for \(S\) could alsobe construed as independent of any of \(S\)’s intentional states(with respect to \(R)\). Kripke’s discussion reignited interest in the question of therelation between meaning and rules, and resulted in an enormousliterature both on the skeptical argument and the very idea thatmeaning is essentially normative. Much of that discussion has beencarried out without reference to the earlier debate on meaning andconventions, but attempts have also been made to relate the twodebates.